With Clear Intention - An Ethical Responsibility Model for Robot Governance

There is much discussion about super artificial intelligence (AI) and autonomous machine learning (ML) systems, or learning machines (LM). Yet, the reality of thinking robotics still seems far on the horizon. It is one thing to define AI in light of human intelligence, citing the remoteness between ML and human intelligence, but another to understand issues of ethics, responsibility, and accountability in relation to the behavior of autonomous robotic systems within a human society. Due to the apparent gap between a society in which autonomous robots are a reality and present-day reality, many of the efforts placed on establishing robotic governance, and indeed, robot law fall outside the fields of valid scientific research. Work within this area has concentrated on manifestos, special interest groups and popular culture. This article takes a cognitive scientific perspective toward characterizing the nature of what true LMs would entail—i.e., intentionality and consciousness. It then proposes the Ethical Responsibility Model for Robot Governance (ER-RoboGov) as an initial platform or first iteration of a model for robot governance that takes the standpoint of LMs being conscious entities. The article utilizes past AI governance model research to map out the key factors of governance from the perspective of autonomous machine learning systems© 2022 Rousi. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.This article has been partially funded by the Strategic Research Council (SRC), Academy of Finland through the ETAIROS project (Decision No. 327354), as well as the Sea4Value Fairway (S4VF) project funded by Business Finland (funding code 110/31/2020) and Stroke-Data project, and also funded by the Digital Economy Platform, University of Vaasa.fi=vertaisarvioitu|en=peerReviewed

AI Design, Design AI, Human-Centred AI and the Theatre of the Absurd the language, life and times of a UX designer

This article connects the concepts and phenomena of Design AI, AI in creative industries and AIs capacity for creativity. It links Design AI to UX design and UX designer discourse. Its vagueness and the prominence of UX designers as speakers and writers in the spectacle of cultural AI discourse. The article then, draws comparisons between the Theatre of the Absurd and the UX designer performances of design AI. It additionally sheds light on ToA and the human condition in terms of existentialism, present within the practice of engaging in design that intends to link human experience to technological system logic. This is a theoretical article that utilises examples from UX events published on Youtube, as well as UX designer blogs, in order to illustrate the mechanics of the ToA present within contemporary AI and UX designer discourse.Comment: 14 pages, 6 figures, Nordic network for research on communicative product design (Nordcode) seminar 201

Picturing a Postcolonial Australia : Breaking the \u27white\u27 norm in contemporary creative practice

This dissertation is about addressing social issues relating to colonial encounters from the perspective of a \u27White\u27 colonial Australian artist. The discussion seeks to address representational imbalances which occur within image construction as the result of a history of Imperial investment in defining the \u27civilised Self against the non-European \u27primitive Other\u27 (Said, 1978). The label \u27White\u27 is analysed in terms of its contradictions and generalisations, where it is linked to a culturally assumed \u27Self\u27 positioning of human centrality and neutrality. This centrality (humanity) was used by Imperialists to justify reasoning behind colonial expansion. The thriving mechanisms of Euro-centric perception are exposed through pictorial arrangement and content within the artworks of contemporary \u27White\u27 Australian artists. These artists were chosen as they themselves are also attempting to deconstruct the \u27White norm\u27 of systematic marginalisation. Lastly, my own artistic positioning is subject to the same scrutiny as case studies Derek Kreckler and Linda Sproul, in an analysis of chosen representational subject matter- Perth\u27s sculpted colonial landscape - versus the significance of the instrument that was used to capture it- the camera

We Don’t Connect – Negotiations between Usability, User and Art Experience in Online Art Interaction

Art and its conceptualization enable a richer understanding of human computer interaction (HCI). User experience (UX), usability and art experience (AE) have extensive traditions of scholarship. UX and AE especially, have rarely been combined. While systematic approaches to identifying contrasts between the types of experience are lacking, there is also a lag in academic knowledge on how UX and AE relate to one another in the action context of HCI. This paper presents a study in which UX and perceived usability, were investigated in the context of online art experience. The study’s participants (N=128) responded to a questionnaire based on an adapted model of interactive art systems while experiencing an online art exhibition. Results revealed three significant correlations: 1) the impact of usability on the sense of immersion; 2) how immersion influenced the art experience; and 3) how the viewer’s background (skills and knowledge) affects art experience in digital spaces.©2022 International Conference on Information Systems Development.fi=vertaisarvioitu|en=peerReviewed

We Don’t Connect – Negotiations between Usability, User and Art Experience in Online Art Interaction

Art and its conceptualization enable a richer understanding of human computer interaction (HCI). User experience (UX), usability and art experience (AE) have extensive traditions of scholarship. UX and AE especially, have rarely been combined. While systematic approaches to identifying contrasts between the types of experience are lacking, there is also a lag in academic knowledge on how UX and AE relate to one another in the action context of HCI. This paper presents a study in which UX and perceived usability, were investigated in the context of online art experience. The study’s participants (N=128) responded to a questionnaire based on an adapted model of interactive art systems while experiencing an online art exhibition. Results revealed three significant correlations: 1) the impact of usability on the sense of immersion; 2) how immersion influenced the art experience; and 3) how the viewer’s background (skills and knowledge) affects art experience in digital spaces

I wouldn't be working this way if I had a family - Differences in remote workers' needs for supervisor's family-supportiveness depending on the parental status

This study investigates how working remotely blurs the boundaries between work and non-work domains by contrasting the experiences of employees with different parental status. The study further shows how leaders can mitigate this blurring via family-supportive supervisor behaviours (FSSB), and extends the concept to encompass non-work roles beyond the family. Working from home leads to an increasing intertwining of work and non-work roles, with family status playing a significant role in shaping boundary challenges and support needs. Through semi-structured interviews with 89 employees working from home in various industries, the study reveals that parents and non-parents, distinct in their challenges and requirements, exhibit varied demonstrated needs from their leaders. As parent employees require flexible boundaries to attend to their family responsibilities, non-parent employees need safeguards to maintain boundaries around their private life. The results underscore that FSSB benefit employees regardless of parental status. This study emphasizes the importance of employers tailoring their work-life programs to accommodate the diverse needs of employees, and recognizes the pivotal role of supervisors in attuning their supportive behaviours to employees' work-nonwork boundary needs and preferences.© 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).fi=vertaisarvioitu|en=peerReviewed

Exploring pre-service teachersʼ and comprehensive school pupilsʼ understandings of literacies in digital environments

This study focuses on Finnish pre-service teachersʼ and comprehensive school pupilsʼ understandings of literacies in digital environments. The study included 181 participants: 38 pre-service teachers, 79 primary school (PS) pupils and 64 lower secondary school (LS) pupils. The pre-service teachers created concept maps and written descriptions that portrayed their understanding of reading literacy, digital literacy and multiliteracy. The pupils were asked to write down what kinds of literacies they need in digital environments. The results indicate that the pre-service teachers mainly understood the many modalities of literacies. However, they emphasised reading literacy as the fundamental basis of other literacies. Similarly, the PS pupils perceived the many modalities of literacies, especially emphasising their visual elements. Instead of noticing the diversity of texts, LS pupils highlighted critical attitude and language skills.© 2023 Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons CC-BY 4.0 License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).fi=vertaisarvioitu|en=peerReviewed

The Role of Explainable AI in the Research Field of AI Ethics

Ethics of Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a growing research field that has emerged in response to the challenges related to AI. Transparency poses a key challenge for implementing AI ethics in practice. One solution to transparency issues is AI systems that can explain their decisions. Explainable AI (XAI) refers to AI systems that are interpretable or understandable to humans. The research fields of AI ethics and XAI lack a common framework and conceptualization. There is no clarity of the field’s depth and versatility. A systematic approach to understanding the corpus is needed. A systematic review offers an opportunity to detect research gaps and focus points. This paper presents the results of a systematic mapping study (SMS) of the research field of the Ethics of AI. The focus is on understanding the role of XAI and how the topic has been studied empirically. An SMS is a tool for performing a repeatable and continuable literature search. This paper contributes to the research field with a Systematic Map that visualizes what, how, when, and why XAI has been studied empirically in the field of AI ethics. The mapping reveals research gaps in the area. Empirical contributions are drawn from the analysis. The contributions are reflected on in regards to theoretical and practical implications. As the scope of the SMS is a broader research area of AI ethics the collected dataset opens possibilities to continue the mapping process in other directions.© 2023 Association for Computing Machinery.fi=vertaisarvioitu|en=peerReviewed

Building a Maturity Model for Developing Ethically Aligned AI Systems

Ethical concerns related to Artificial Intelligence (AI) equipped systems are prompting demands for ethical AI from all directions. As a response, in recent years public bodies, governments, and companies have rushed to provide guidelines and principles for how AI-based systems are designed and used ethically. We have learned, however, that high-level principles and ethical guidelines cannot be easily converted into actionable advice for industrial organizations that develop AI-based information systems. Maturity models are commonly used in software and systems development companies as a roadmap for improving the performance. We argue that they could also be applied in the context of developing ethically aligned AI systems. In this paper, we propose a maturity model for AI ethics and explain how it can be devised by using a Design Science Research approach.©2021 Authors. Published by Association for Information Systems.fi=vertaisarvioitu|en=peerReviewed